Orientation of medieval churches of Morava school

Abstract

In this paper we present the mathematical and topographic analysis of orientation of the most significant churches (11) of Morava school, the last style in architecture of medieval Serbia whose executors were chief architects. The deviation from equinox East of the main axis of each church and the dates when the Sun rises on the physical horizon, in the extension of the main axis, have been calculated. These were the dates when the church could have been oriented towards the rising Sun. This possibility has been ruled out for four churches. As for the other churches, the matching of the mentioned dates with the patron's days wasn't established. The churches in monasteries Ljubostinja and Kalenic are oriented with astronomical precision towards equinox East, an admirable fact considering the tools available to the builders. Rade Borovic, the only chief architect who put his signature on his work, was the chief architect of Ljubostinja.

U radu je izvršena matematičko-geografska i topografska analiza orijentacije najznačajnijih crkava (11) moravske škole, poslednjeg stila srpske srednjovekovne arhitekture čiji su nosioci srpski protomajstori. Izmerena su odstupanja ose svake crkve od ravnodnevačkog istoka i izračunati datumi u kojima sunce izlazi na fizičkom horizontu, u produžetku te ose. To su dani kada je crkva mogla biti orijentisana prema izlazećem suncu. Za četiri crkve isključena je takva mogućnost, a kod ostalih nije ustanovljeno poklapanje pomenutih datuma sa danima posvećenim njihovim patronima. Crkve manastira Ljubostinja i Kalenić orijentisane su astronomski tačno prema ravnodnevačkom istoku, što je vredno divljenja, s obzirom na jednostavnost pomagala sa kojima su tadašnji graditelji raspolagali. Protomajstor prve bio je Rade Borović, jedini srpski protomajstor za koga znamo da je potpisao svoj rad.